Phenylpiracetam hydrazide

Phenylpiracetam hydrazide is a modified version of phenylpiracetam, where the amide group is replaced with a hydrazide moiety. This alteration may influence its pharmacokinetics, potency, and subjective effects. Its parent compound, phenylpiracetam, one of the earliest synthesized piracetam derivatives, sometimes referred to as fonturacetam and marketed under the brand names Phenotropil, Actitropil, and Carphedon, is a stimulant and nootropic agent utilized in Russia and select Eastern European nations for the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, depression, apathy, and cognitive impairments, including attention and memory deficits, among other applications. It is utilized by Russian cosmonauts to enhance physical, mental, and cognitive capabilities. As far as bio-avaibility is concerned, phenylpiracetam greatly surpasses piracetam, owing to the addition of the phenyl group attached to the pyrrolidone nucleus which facilitates blood-brain barrier penetration.

Both compounds are believed to share key mechanisms of action, one of which is boosting acetylcholine synthesis via high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) enhancement, also observed with coluracetam and pramiracetam. Also, both improve synaptic plasticty through AMPA and NMDA receptor potentiation. Unlike other racetams, they increase extracellular dopamine and norepinephrine levels, acting as DA/NE reuptake inhibitors, more akin to traditional CNS stimulants. They display anti-oxidant activity and enhance cerebral blood flow, which translates into neuroprotecive properties. Additionally, the hydrazide form might potentially offer specific benefits. An educated guess suggests its superior metabolic stability; slower breakdown, and consequently, longer duration. Since some hydrazides are known to interact with GABA transaminase, enzyme responsible for GABA breakdown – they suppress its activity, which in turn causes significant elevations of whole brain GABA content. Consistent with this view, user reports describe the stimulation from phenylpiracetam hydrazide as smoother and “laid-back”, whereas phenylpiracetam is said to produce a “rush”. Based on hydrazine chemistry, mild MAO-B inhibitory effects are likely to occur with hydrazide form.

In terms of subjective effects, both phenylpiracetam variants are typically considered more stimulating than other racetam compounds, with low-to-moderate doses producing stimulation comparable with caffeine, albeit with less pronounced physiological component. Their joint mechanisms of action might seem optimized for memory and learning enhancement, given the crucial involvement of cholinergic transmission in memory processes, improved recall and mental clarity potentially achieved through AMPA/NMDA modulation, and classic stimulant effects on focus, motivation and energy levels. In the light of anecdotal evidence, the above description is very accurate. As demonstrated in animal studies, phenylpiracetam has adaptogenic qualities, which also appears to be the case for its hydrazide counterpart (users experience enhanced stress and cold resistance and reduced fatigue). For individuals with ADHD, phenylpiracetam hydrazide might be an interesting alternative to stimulant drugs, and could work particularly well in those prone to anxiety, by virtue of its comparatively low-key stimulation profile. In fact, some online accounts suggest that phenylpiracetam hydrazide might offer distinct GABA-mediated benefits, such as mild increase in self-confidence, anxiolytic effects, and subtle mood improvement, reduced “internal noise”, and calm, slightly “warm” headspace. While phenylpiracetam is not viewed as a strong antidepressant, some users report reliable mood-brightening effects which can be characterized in terms of feeling grounded. With that in mind, taking into account its pro-cognitive, stimulant, anxiolytic, and adaptogenic properties, phenylpiracetam hydrazide could potentially address the symptoms of mild depression or dysthymia, also known as persistent depressive disorder (PDD).

A rat study assessed the effects of dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate and phenylpiracetam on motivation. While the animals were given free access to less preferred fodder, they were trained to operate a lever to gain access to tastier alternative. As expected, all treatment groups performed more work than control group. It is perhaps less obvious that compared with other experimental groups, rats administered phenylpiracetam were willing to accept more workload in exchange for rewarding food (375% more than placebo vs. 150% and 170% with dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate respectively), while their consumption of less rewarding food didn’t increase.

Incidentally, phenylpiracetam was found to enhance athletic performance and is among the few nootropics included in the list of chemicals banned for in-competition use by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).

Benefits of taking phenylpiracetam hydrazide

• excellent boost in motivation;

• smooth, clearheaded stimulation and focus;

• higher energy levels;

• improved memory and learning;

• athletic performance enhancement;

• increased verbal fluency;

• mood enhancement;

• decreased anxiety;

• lower impulsiveness;

• lessened irritability;

• feeling grounded;

• greater self-confidence;

• decreased fatigue;

• activates operant behavior;

• enhanced perception;

• alleviates brain fog;

• dream potentiation;

• increased resistance to cold;

• anticonvulsant properties;

• antiamnesic effects;

• neuroprotection against a variety of toxic influences.

Side effects

While several studies suggest that the “classic” phenylpiracetam is generally well-tolerated and has high therapeutic index (is safe even when relatively high doses are consumed for a long period of time), this might not necessarily be true for its hydrazide variant.

The below side effects have been reported with phenylpiracetam, and might also be observed with the hydrazide form. That said, online accounts suggest that they are less likely to occur, possibly due to GABA enhancement.

• Insomnia;

• sleep disturbances;

• psychomotor agitation;

• flushing;

• feeling of warmth;

• increased blood pressure;

• elevated heart rate.

Some hydrazide compounds are known to cause gastrointestinal discomfort and liver toxicity.

In case of long-term use of phenylopiracetam hydrazide, it is, therefore, strongly advised to perform liver function tests once every few months.

Interactions and contraindications

It is important to note that while phenylpiracetam, as a medication, is an extensively researched compound with well-established, favorable safety profile, its hydrazide form has no documented history of human use, nor has it been researched in animals. Given its popularity in the nootropic community and no reported cases of overdose or health problems following its use, it is likely to be safe. Due to its unknown pharmacokinetics, caution is advised when using phenylpiracetam hyrazide in combination with other medications or dietary supplements.

Based on its known pharmacological properties, phenylpiracetam hydrazide might interact with the below drug classes.

• CNS stimulants (over-stimulation);

• MAO inhibitors (hypotheticaI risk due to potential MAO-B inhibiting properties, relatively unlikely).

Dosage

Standard doses of phenylpiracetam hydrazide range from 50 to 150 mg up to three times a day. However, some some individuals with ADHD seem to achieve maximum benefits with three 300 mg daily doses.

It is taken orally, and in the absence of gastrointestinal discomfort, it might be ingested on empty stomach.